PET and SPECT

Molecular imaging

Table 24: Tracers. Partially based on [Gjedde, 2001,Smith et al., 2003,Knudsen and Svarer, 2002] and list from Turku PET Centre http://www.turkupetcentre.fi/pet_tracers.html. Compound initial keys: SB (SmithKline Beecham), GR (Amersham Phamarcia Biotech?).

Transmitter	Enzyme, receptor or metabolism	Radiosubstrate or ligand	Reference for PET, SPECT or autoradiography
Several	D2+5HT2 +$\alpha_1$	[C-11]NMSP (N-methyl-spiperone)	[Wong et al., 1984,Morris et al., 1993], Nysberg S 1993.
Dopamine	DOPA-decarboxylase	[F-18]FDOPA
	D1	[C-11]NNC 112	[Halldin et al., 1998,Abi-Dargham et al., 2000], Slifstein and Laruelle 2000(?)
	D1	[C-11]NNC 756	[Laihinen et al., 1994]
	D1	[H-3]SCH 23390	[De Keyser et al., 1988,Hall et al., 1988]
	D1	[C-11]SCH 23390	[Farde et al., 1987,Wang et al., 1998,Chan et al., 1998,Karlsson et al., 2002]
	D1	[C-11]SCH 39166	[Laihinen et al., 1994]
	D2/D3	[C-11]-epidepride	[Langer et al., 1999], Almeida P 1999, Hall H 1997
	D2/D3	[I-123]-epidepride	[Leslie et al., 1996,Kuikka et al., 1997,Varrone et al., 2000,Fujita et al., 2004], Kornhuber J 1995, Kessler RM 1991(?), Almeida P 1999, Goldsmith and Joyce 1996.
	D2/D3	[I-125]-epidepride	[Hall et al., 1996,Hall et al., 1997]
	D2/D3	[F-18]-fallypride	[Mukherjee et al., 2002]
	D2/D3	[C-11]FLB 457	[Farde et al., 1997b,Olsson et al., 1999,Okubo et al., 1999,Vilkman et al., 2000,Kaasinen et al., 2001,Suhara et al., 2001,Cselényi et al., 2002], Sudo Y, 2001, Talvik 2003.
	D2/D3	[I-125]NCQ 298	[Hall et al., 1997]
	D2	[H-3]-raclopride	[Hall et al., 1988]
	D2/D3	[C-11]-raclopride	[Breier et al., 1998,Kestler et al., 2000], Farde 1987, Volkov N 1993
	D2	[H-3]-spiroperidol	[De Keyser et al., 1988]
	D2	[I-123]IBZM (iodobenzamide)	[Leslie et al., 1996], Kung HF 1990, Laulumaa V 1993, Seibyl 1996
	D2/5HT-2A	[F-18]FESP	See under 5HT-2A
		[I-123]IBZP
	D2	[I-123]IDF
	D2	R-[C-11]SKF 82957
	D4	[C-11]SCH 66712
	DAT	[C-11]CFT, [C-11]WIN 35,428	Wong 1993, Rinne 2004
	DAT	[F-18]CFT, [F-18]WIN 35,428	Laakso 1998, Nurmi 2000a, 2000b, Laakso 2000
	DAT	[C-11]beta-CFT	Rinne 1998
	DAT	[C-11]-cocaine	[Telang et al., 1999]
	DAT	[N-C-11-methyl](-)-cocaine	Logan J 1990
	DAT	[F-18]-cocaine
	DAT	[C-11]FPCIT
	DAT	[C-11]PE2I	[Halldin et al., 2003]
	DAT	[C-11]RTI 32
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)	NET	[C-11]MeNER	[Wilson et al., 2003], Schou M 2003 (post mortem)
Histamine	H1	[C-11]-doxepin	[Yanai et al., 1992,Tagawa et al., 2001]
	H1	[C-11]-pyrilamine	[Yanie et al., 1992]
Serotonin (5-HT)	(Metabolism)	$\alpha$-[C-11]MTrp ([C-11]AMT or $\alpha$-[C-11]methyl-L-tryptophan)	[Okazawa et al., 2000].
		[C-11]-HTP, [C-11]-5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan	Hagberg 2002
		Tryptophan hydroxylase
		5-hydroxy-tryptophan-decarboxylase
	5HT-1(?)	[H-3]serotonin	[Pazos et al., 1987a]
	5HT-1A	[H-3]8-hydroxy-2-[N,N-di-N-propyl-amino]tetralin	[Pazos et al., 1987a]
	5HT-1A	[H-3]8-OHDPAT
	5HT-1A	[C-11] CPC-222	Houle 1997
	5HT-1A	[O-methyl-C-11]WAY-100635	Pike 1995
	5HT-1A	[Carbonyl-C-11]WAY-100635	[Farde et al., 1998,Ito et al., 1999,Tauscher et al., 2001,Andrée et al., 2002,Rabiner et al., 2002,Parsey et al., 2002,Borg et al., 2003], Parsey 2000 Pike 1996, Gunn 1998, Slifstein and Laruelle 2000(?)
	5HT-1A	[Carbonyl-C-11]Desmethyl-WAY-100635	[Andrée et al., 2002]
	5HT-1A	[F-18]MPPF	Passchier 2000, 2001
	5HT-1B	[H-3]GR 125743	[Varnäs et al., 2001]
	5HT-1C	[H-3]mesulergine	[Pazos et al., 1987a]
	5HT-1D	[H-3]GR 125743	[Varnäs et al., 2001]
	5HT-2	N1-[C-11]-methyl-2-bromo-LSD	[Wong et al., 1987]
	5HT-2	[C-11]ketanserin, [C-11]R 41,468	Baron JC 1985
	5HT-2	[H-3]ketanserin, [H-3]R 41,468	[Pazos et al., 1987b,Eastwood et al., 2001], [Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey], Laruelle 1993
	5HT-2	[C-11]NMKET (N-Methylketanserin)	Frost JJ 1990 (abstract)
	5HT-2	[F-18]-setoperone	[Blin et al., 1990,Meyer et al., 1999,Yatham et al., 2000], Cho 1999.
	5HT-2A	[H-3]-spiperone + Ketamine	[Marcusson et al., 1984]
	5HT-2A	[H-3]MDL-100907	[Hall et al., 2000]
	5HT-2A	[C-11]MDL-100907	[Gründer et al., 1997,Ito et al., 1998,Watabe et al., 2000], [Lundkvist et al., 1996, monkey], [Offord et al., 1999, review]
	5HT2A	[C-11]NMSP + MDL 100,907	[Andree et al., 1998]
	5HT-2A	[F-18]-altanserin	[Biver et al., 1994,Sadzot et al., 1995,Rosier et al., 1996,Meltzer et al., 1998,Meltzer et al., 1999,van Dyck et al., 2000b,Price et al., 2001,Kaye et al., 2001,Sheline et al., 2002,Forutan et al., 2002,Adams et al., 2004,Bailer et al., 2004,Liptrot et al., 2004,Mintun et al., 2004,Sheline et al., 2004,Adams et al., 2005]
	5HT-2A	[F-18]-deuteroaltanserin	[van Dyck et al., 2000a]
	5HT-2A/D2	[F-18]FESP, 3-(2'-[F-18]fluoroethyl)spiperone	[Moresco et al., 2002,Messa et al., 2003,Moresco et al., 2004]
	5HT-2A	[I-123]-5-I-R91150	[Baeken et al., 1998,Audenaert et al., 2003,Goethals et al., 2004]
	5HT-3	[C-11]MDL 72222
	5HT-4	[C-11]SB207145
	SERT	[C-11]ADAM	Shiue GG 2003 (in vitro, rat and baboon)
	SERT	[C-11]AFA
	SERT	[C-11]AFM
	SERT	[C-11]-cyanoimipramine	[Takano et al., 2002]
	SERT	[C-11]DAPA
	SERT	[C-11]DAPP	[Houle et al., 2000]
	SERT	[C-11]DASB	[Houle et al., 2000,Ichise et al., 2003,Frankle et al., 2004,Kim et al., 2006,Praschak-Rieder et al., 2007]
	SERT	[C-11]MADAM	Chalon 2003
	SERT	[C-11](+)McN-5652	[Szabo et al., 1995,Szabo et al., 1996,Buck et al., 2000,Takano et al., 2002,Frankle et al., 2004], McCann 1998, Parsey 2000, Szabo 1999, Simpson 2003, Szabo 2004, Ikoma 2002
	SERT	[C-11]-NS 4194
	SERT	[I-123]ADAM
	SERT	[I-123]$\beta$-CIT	Brücke 1993, Semple 1999, [Neumeister et al., 2000]
	SERT	[C-11]$\beta$-CIT	Farde 1994
	SERT	[I-123]ZIENT	Chen 2000
	5HT-1A mRNA		[Burnet et al., 1995]
	5HT-2A mRNA		[Burnet et al., 1995]
GABA	GABA-A (BZ)	[C-11]-flumazenil, [C-11]FMZ	[Holthoff et al., 1991,Gründer et al., 2001], Koeppe 1991
	Microglia GABA-A (BZ)	[C-11](R)-PK11195	Banati
	GABA-A (BZ)	[F-18]-fluoroethylflumazenil (FEF)	[Gründer et al., 2001]
	GABA-A (BZ)	[I-123]Iomazenil	Laruelle 1993, Onishi Y 1996
	GABA-A (BZ)	NNC 13-8241	[Kuikka et al., 1996]
	GABA-A (BZ)	Ro 15-4513
	GABA-A (BZ)	[C-11] Ro 15-1788	[Persson et al., 1985]
	GABA-A (BZ)	Diazepam
	GABA-A	[H-3]Muscimol	[Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
Glutamate	AMPA	[H-3]AMPA	[Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
	Kainate	[H-3]kainate	[Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
	NMDA	[H-3]MK-801	[Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
Opioid	$\mu, \kappa$	[F-18]-cyclofoxy	Carson RE 1993
	nonselective	[C-11]-diprenorphine	Jones 1988, Jones 1994, Frost 1990, Sadzot 1991, Prevett 1994
	$\mu$	[C-11]-carfentanil	[Frost et al., 1989,Zubieta et al., 1999], Frost 1985, Frost 1990
	$\delta$	[C-11]MeNTI	[Smith et al., 1999]
Sigma	$\sigma_1$	[C-11]SA4503	Kawamura
Acetylcholine	Nicotine	[C-11]-nicotine
	nAChR $\alpha 4\beta 2$	[F-18] A85380
	$\alpha 1$	[H-3]Prazosin	[Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
	$\alpha 2$	[H-3]Idazoxan (RX781094)
	$\alpha 2$	[H-3]UK-14304	[Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
	$\alpha$ 2A/2B		H. De Vos 1992.
	M1	[H-3]pirenzepine	[Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
	M2	[C-11]-tropanylbenzilat (TRB)	Koeppe 1994, Lee 1996
	M2	[F-18] FP-TZTP	[Podruchny et al., 2003]
	Muscarinic	[C-11]NMPB (N-[C-11]methyl-4-piperidyl benzilate)	[Zubieta et al., 1998,Yoshida et al., 2000], Zubieta 2001, Sudo 1998, Kakiuchi 2001 (monkey)
	M2/M4	[H-3]oxotremorine-M	[Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
		[C-11]scopolamine	Frey 1992
		[I-123]QNB (quinuclidinyl-iodo-benzilate)
	Acetylcholinesterase activity	N-[C-11]methylpiperidin-4-yl propionate, [C-11]PMP	[Koeppe et al., 1999]
	Acetylcholinesteras activity	N -[C-11]methylpiperidin-4-yl acetate, [C-11]MP4A	[Nagatsuka Si et al., 2001]
--	Monoamine oxidase A	[C-11]Deprenyl
--	Monoamine oxidase B	[C-11]Clorgyline
--	Vesicular monoamine transporter 2	[C-11]DTBZ
--	--	[C-11]-methyl-tetrahydroaminoacridine	[Traykov et al., 1999]
--	--	[C-11]-vinpocetine	[Gulyás et al., 2002]

Table 24 lists a number of the radiotracers for PET and SPECT human brain imaging. Another list is the North American PET directory of radiotracers available from http://www.snidd.org/petsearch.cfm.

Binding characterstics are available from http://www.gpcr.org/7tm/ligand/Seeman/S1A.html

Molecular neuroimaging and personality

[Farde et al., 1997a,Breier et al., 1998,Kestler et al., 2000,Suhara et al., 2001,Moresco et al., 2002]. With CBF: [Johnson et al., 1999,Youn et al., 2002]